Incidencia de endocarditis infecciosa en un servicio de neonatología centro de referencia nacional en el período 2009-2019 / Incidence of infective endocarditis in a national reference neonatology department in 2009-2019 / Incidência de endocardite infecciosa no departamento de neonatologia de referência nacional no período 2009-2019

La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad rara en pediatría, principalmente en la etapa neonatal pero con una importante morbimortalidad. Existen factores de riesgo definidos, sin embargo el diagnóstico, principalmente en recién nacidos, continúa siendo un desafío. En este trabajo se presenta un relevamiento en 10 años, 5 casos de endocarditis infecciosa confirmada en recién nacidos y se analizan las características clínicas, estudios paraclínicos, agentes infeccioso, tratamiento realizado y asociación con factores de riesgo en esta población.

Infective endocarditis is a rare disease in pediatrics, mainly in neonates, even though it involves significant morbidity and mortality. There are defined risk factors; however, regarding diagnosis and mainly for the case of newborns, it continues to be a challenge. In this paper, we present a 10-year research and follow-up of 5 confirmed cases of infective endocarditis in newborns and their clinical characteristics, paraclinical studies, infectious agents, treatment and association with risk factors in this population

A endocardite infecciosa é uma doença rara em pediatria, principalmente na fase neonatal, mas apresenta significativa morbidade e mortalidade. Existem fatores de risco definidos, porém o diagnóstico, principalmente em recém-nascidos, continua sendo um desafio. Este paper apresenta uma pesquisa de 10 anos de 5 casos de endocardite infecciosa confirmada em recém-nascidos e analisa as suas características clínicas, estudos para clínicos, agentes infecciosos, tratamento e associação com fatores de risco nesta população.

Plastia mitral en endocarditis infecciosa: reporte de un caso / Mitral valve repair in infective endocarditis: a case report / Plastia mitral em endocardite infecciosa: relato de um caso

La endocarditis infecciosa es una patología heterogénea con una alta mortalidad y requiere tratamiento quirúrgico en al menos la mitad de los casos. Cuando asienta en posición mitral, la reparación valvular en lugar de su sustitución, si bien representa un desafío técnico, ha ido ganando terreno en los últimos años. Describimos el caso de un paciente que se presentó con una endocarditis sobre válvula nativa mitral en quien se realizó una plastia valvular exitosa. Revisaremos la evidencia acerca de su beneficio.

Infective endocarditis is a heterogeneous disease with a high mortality and that requires surgical treatment in at least half of cases. When seated in mitral position, valve repair rather than replacement, while technically challenging, has been gaining popularity in recent years. We describe the case of a patient who presented with a mitral valve endocarditis in whom a successful valve repair was performed. Evidence supporting its use will be reviewed.

A endocardite infecciosa é uma doença heterogênea com alta mortalidade que requer tratamento cirúrgico em pelo menos metade dos casos. Quando sentado na posição mitral, o reparo da válvula, em vez da substituição da válvula, embora seja um desafio técnico, tem ganhado espaço nos últimos anos. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente que apresentou endocardite valvar mitral nativa, no qual foi realizada plastia valvar com sucesso. Vamos revisar as evidências sobre o seu benefício.

Melioidosis con endocarditis de válvula protésica / Prosthetic valve endocarditis in melioidosis: case report

Resumen La melioidosis es endémica en varias regiones, con predominio en el Sudeste Asiático, norte de Australia, sur de Asia, China y Taiwán. En Sudamérica, Colombia ocupa el segundo lugar de casos de melioidosis, después de Brasil. Su manifestación clínica es variable, desde una infección asintomática hasta un compromiso multiorgánico con formación de abscesos múltiples y choque séptico. El compromiso cardiaco es inusual, con una incidencia menor del 1%. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 51 años, colombiano, con antecedente de una valvula aórtica mecánica, quien presentó un absceso en la pierna derecha y en la válvula cardiaca protésica, aislándose Burkholderia pseudomallei en hemocultivos y en el cultivo de secreción de la pierna. Fue tratado con meropenem y cotrimoxazol, con una adecuada respuesta clínica, requiriendo un reemplazo valvular aórtico.

Abstract Melioidosis is an endemic disease to several regions and occurs predominantly in Southern Asia, Northern Australia, China and Taiwan. In South America, Colombia is second after Brazil in number of melioidosis cases reported. Clinical manifestation varies from asymptomatic infection to multiorgan compromise involving multiple abscesses and septic shock. Cardiac compromise is infrequent, with an incidence of <1%. We report the case of a 51-year-old patient from Colombia with a mechanical aortic valve who had an abscess in right leg and in the prosthetic valve. Burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated in blood cultures and drained pus from the leg cultures. Patient was treated with meropenem and cotrimoxazole and required aortic valve replacement, resulting in adequate improvement in clinical symptoms.

Endocarditis infecciosa por Neisseria gonorroheae / Infectious endocarditis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Resumen Se presenta un caso de endocarditis infecciosa por Neisseria gonorrhoeae, en un paciente masculino de 38 años, sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular ni otros antecedentes previos. La sospecha diagnóstica comienza por síndrome febril prolongado, astenia y pérdida de peso, confirmada con rescate de gonococo en los hemocultivos. Cumplió tratamiento antibiótico con ceftriaxona por 29 días. Evoluciona con insu ficiencia aórtica grave por lo cual se realiza cirugía de reemplazo valvular por prótesis mecánica bidisco exitosa, con una evolución favorable.

Abstract We report a case of infectious endocarditis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a 38-year-old male patient with no cardiovascular risk factors or past medical history who presented with prolonged febrile illness, asthenia and weight loss. The blood cultures were positive for gonococcus. He received antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone for 29 days. The patient developed severe aortic regurgitation and underwent surgical aortic valve replacement with a bileaflet mechanical prosthesis, with favorable outcome.

Caracterización de los niños hospitalizados con endocarditis infecciosa en un Centro Pediátrico de Referencia de Uruguay, 2011-2018 / Characterization of children hospitalized with infective endocarditis in a Pediatric Reference Center of Uruguay, 2011-2018

Resumen Introducción: La endocarditis infecciosa (EI) es causa importante de morbimortalidad. En los últimos años se han visto cambios en la epidemiología de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y microbiológicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de EI ingresados en un hospital pediátrico de 2011 al 2018. Pacientes y Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes bajo 15 años de edad, hospitalizados con EI en un hospital pediátrico de referencia de Uruguay. Se utilizaron cálculos de medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, así como frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Resultados: Se identificaron 11 niños, media de edad 4 años 6 meses (rango 5 meses - 13 años). Cinco sin factores de riesgo, seis con factores de riesgo: cinco con cardiopatía congénita (2 con cirugía cardíaca) y uno con catéter venoso central. En 11 se obtuvo hemocultivo previo a la antibioterapia, en 10 una sola muestra, en uno hubo dos muestras. En nueve casos se recuperó el microorganismo causal; Staphylococcus aureus en cuatro (dos cepas resistentes a meticilina), seguido de Streptococcus grupo viridans tres niños. En 10 niños se encontraron vegetaciones en el ecocardiograma, seis valvulares. El tratamiento empírico más frecuente fue ceftriaxona y vancomicina. Las complicaciones fueron falla cardiaca y embolias sépticas. Cinco niños requirieron cirugía cardíaca. Falleció un paciente. Conclusiones: Se observó un aumento de EI en niños sin cardiopatía, por tanto, es necesario tener alta sospecha clínica en pacientes febriles. Importante es realizar hemocultivos previos al inicio de la antibioterapia y contemplar una cobertura contra Staphylococcus aureus en la terapia empírica inicial.

Abstract Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In recent years there have been changes in the epidemiology of this disease. Aim: To describe epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with a diagnosis of IE admitted to a pediatric hospital from 2011 to 2018. Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Children under 15 years of age hospitalized with IE in a reference pediatric hospital in Uruguay were included. Calculations of measures of central tendency and dispersion were used, as well as absolute and percentage frequencies. Results: 11 children were identified, mean age 4 years 6 months (range 5 months - 13 years). Five without risk factors, 6 with risk factors: 5 congenital heart disease (2 with cardiac surgery) and 1 central venous catheter. In 11 blood cultures were obtained prior to antibiotics, 10 a single sample, 1 with two samples. In 9 cases a microorganism was isolated. The most frequent was Staphylococcus aureus 4 children (2 methicillin resistant), followed by group viridans Streptococcus 3 children. In 10 children vegetations were found in the echocardiogram, 6 valvular. The most frequent empirical treatment was ceftriaxone and vancomycin. Complications were heart failure and septic emboli. 5 children required heart surgery. One patient died. Conclusions: An increase of IE in children without heart disease has been observed, then, it is necessary to have high clinical suspicion in febrile patients. It is important to perform blood cultures prior to the start of antibiotics and to consider coverage against Staphylococcus aureus in empirical initial treatment.

Fístula aorto-atrial direita: uma complicação pós-endocardite infecciosa. Relato de caso / Right aorto-atrial fistula: a post-infective endocarditis complication. A case report

A fístula aorto-atrial direita é uma comunicação anômala, que representa uma grave e infrequente complicação da endocardite infecciosa. Neste estudo, relata-se o caso de um paciente de 53 anos, do sexo masculino, com histórico evolutivo patológico de endocardite infecciosa e acometimento de valva aórtica. Sob imagem de ecocardiograma, demonstrou-se abscesso perivalvar aórtico, estendendo-se à parede atrial direita, com necessidade de abordagem cirúrgica. Foram realizados a anuloplastia valvar aórtica e implante de valva mecânica. Após 1 mês de evolução pós-cirúrgica, realizou-se novo ecocardiograma, que acusou shunt de débito da raiz da aorta para o átrio direito. A conduta diante do caso foi discutida entre equipe clínica e cirúrgica, visando a possíveis falhas na terapêutica inicial. (AU)

Right aorto-atrial fistula is an anomalous communication that represents a serious and infrequent complication of infective endocarditis. This study reports the case of a 53-year-old male patient, with a pathological evolutionary history of infective endocarditis and aortic valve involvement. The echocardiogram shows an aortic perivalvar abscess extending to the right atrial wall, requiring a surgical approach. Aortic valve annuloplasty and mechanical valve implantation were performed. After a month of post-surgical evolution, a new echocardiogram was performed, which showed aortic root to right atrium shunt. The behavior in this case was discussed between the clinical and surgical teams, aiming at possible failures in the initial therapy. (AU)

Endocarditis por Rothia aeria / Rothia aeria endocarditis. case report

Resumen Paciente de sexo femenino de 65 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial crónica, resistencia a la insulina, histerectomía total y fractura tibioperonea antigua, es hospitalizada por cuadro febril, sin foco, de 2 meses de evolución, con sospecha de endocarditis por parámetros inflamatorios elevados y soplo diastólico en foco aórtico 2/6. Se estudia con ecocardiograma, transtorácico (ETT) y transesofágico (ETE), que muestra vegetación en velo aórtico coronario izquierdo de 9 mm por 7 mm e insuficiencia aórtica leve, motivo por el cual se toma hemocultivo resultando positivo para Rothia aeria. La paciente evoluciona con embolia de riñón derecho y bazo, y posteriormente, con hemorragia subaracnoidea. Inicia tratamiento antibiótico con ampicilina, vancomicina y gentamicina, con lo cual presenta una evolución satisfactoria y es dada de alta luego de 28 días de hospitalización. Al revisar la literatura, se puede llegar a la conclusión de que la endocarditis por Rothia es extremadamente infrecuente y que, en cuanto al cuadro clínico, tiene tendencia a una forma de presentación subaguda, con presencia de vegetaciones grandes mayores a 10mm y un alto grado de complicaciones neurológicas.

Abstract A 65-year-old female patient, with a history of chronic hypertension, insulin resistance, total histerectomy, and tibioperoneal fracture, is hospitalized for fever of unknown etiology. Basterial endocarditis was suspected due to elevated inflammatory parameters and a 2/6 diastolic murmur present in the aortic focus. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, showed a 9 mm by 7 mm vegetation in the left coronary aortic leaflet of and mild aortic insufficiency, Blood cultures were positive for Rothia aeria. She developed embolism of the right kidney and spleen, and subsequently, a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Antibiotic therapy was initiated with ampicillin, vancomycin and gentamicin, with a satisfactory evolution being discharged after 28 days of hospitalization. When reviewing the literature, it can be concluded that Rothia endocarditis is extremely rare and that, tends to have a subacute presentation with large vegetations, larger than 10 mm, and a high incidence of neurological complications.

Síndrome de Austrian en endocarditis infecciosa: reporte de un caso y manejo médico quirúrgico exitoso / Austrian syndrome in infective endocarditis

Resumen: El Síndrome de Austrian, corresponde al cuadro clínico descrito por Robert Austrian en 1957, definido por la triada de Neumonía, Endocarditis Infecciosa (EI) y Meningitis, causado por Streptococcus pneumoniae. En la mayoría de los casos el vicio valvular presente, es la insuficiencia valvular aórtica, cuyo tratamiento médico y resolución quirúrgica de acuerdo con su gravedad, deben ser realizados precoz y oportunamente. Un paciente de 51 años, sin antecedentes de valvulopatía, con historia de poli consumo de alcohol y cocaína comenzó dos semanas previo a su ingreso hospitalario con síndrome febril, neumonía, y meningitis bacteriana por Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sus hemocultivos fueron negativos. El ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) fue compatible con EI valvular aórtica con insuficiencia moderada a severa. Se trató como EI a microorganismo desconocido y se efectuó un reemplazo valvular aórtico electivo con prótesis biológica a la 5° semana después de terminado el tratamiento médico antibiótico, cuyo resultado fue exitoso.

Abstract: A syndrome including Infective endocarditis, pneumonia and Meningitis caused by S pneumoniae was described by Robert Austrian in 1957. The aortic valve is affected in most cases. Medical followed by surgical treatment should be promptly implemented. The clinical case of a 51 year old man with a history of multiple drug consumption developing fever, pneumonia, and meningitis caused by S pneumoniae is presented. Blood cultures were negative and trans esophageal echocardiography showed aortic valve vegetations and moderate regurgitation. After multiple antibiotic treatment the patient underwent aortic valve replacement and recovered satisfactorily. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of this syndrome are discussed.

First Report of Granulicatella sp. Endocarditis in a Kidney Transplant Patient / Relato do primeiro caso de Endocardite por Granulicatella sp. em transplantado renal

Abstract Granulicatella and Abiotrophia are genera of fastidious Gram-positive cocci commensal of the oral, genitourinary, and intestinal flora. We report the first case of infective endocarditis caused by Granulicatella sp. in a kidney transplant recipient. A 67-year-old male kidney transplant recipient was admitted to the hospital for investigation of fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. On physical examination, he was dehydrated. Laboratory tests identified impaired renal function (creatinine level of 15.5 mg/dl; reference, 3.0 mg/dl), metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte disturbances. Cryptosporidium sp. was identified as the cause of the diarrhea, and the infection was treated with nitazoxanide. On admission, cultures of blood, urine, and stool samples were negative. Echocardiography results were normal. Despite the antimicrobial treatment, the fever persisted. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed infective endocarditis of the mitral valve, and Granulicatella spp. were isolated in blood cultures. Although the patient was treated with penicillin and amikacin, he evolved to septic shock of pulmonary origin and died. Infective endocarditis caused by Granulicatella sp. should be suspected in cases of culture-negative endocarditis.

Resumo Granulicatella e Abiotrophia são gêneros de cocos gram-positivos fastidiosos comensais das floras oral, genitourinária e intestinal. Relatamos o primeiro caso de endocardite infecciosa por Granulicatella sp. em paciente transplantado renal. Paciente do sexo masculino, 67 anos, foi admitido no hospital para investigação de febre, dor abdominal e diarreia. Ao exame físico encontrava-se desidratado. Exames laboratoriais identificaram piora de função renal (creatinina: 15,5mg/dL - níveis basais: 3mg/dL), acidose metabólica e distúrbios eletrolíticos. Cryptosporidium sp foi identificado como causa da diarréia e tal germe foi tratado com nitazoxanida. À admissão, hemoculturas, urocultura e coprocultura negativas além de ecocardiograma normal. A despeito do tratamento antimicrobiano, paciente persistiu febril. Um ecocardiograma transtorácico posterior foi realizado, revelando endocardite em válvula mitral, sendo então identificada em hemocultura Granulicatella sp. Apesar do tratamento com penicilina e amicacina, o paciente evoluiu com quadro de choque séptico de foco pulmonar e óbito. Endocardite infecciosa por Granulicatela sp. deve ser suspeitada em casos de endocardite com hemoculturas negativas.

Endocarditis infecciosa por Abiotrophia defectiva diagnosticada por espectrometría de masas (MALDI-TOF MS) en Argentina / Infective endocarditis by Abiotrophia defectiva diagnosed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in Argentina

We report the case of a 63-year-old woman with congestive heart failure due to a bicuspid aortic valve and severe aortic stenosis. The patient had a febrile syndrome with positive blood cultures for Abiotrophia defectiva, Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed the presence of paravalvular abscess, which was treated by a successful valve replacement. The patient received appropriate antibiotic therapy with intravenous vancomycin, leading to a successful response. The use of MALDI-TOF MS as a rapid and specific method for the microbiological diagnosis is discussed in the following report.

Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 63 años de edad con antecedentes de una aorta bicúspide y estenosis aórtica grave, con una insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada. La paciente tuvo un síndrome febril con hemocultivos positivos para Abiotrophia defectiva. Se constató por un ecocardiograma transesofágico la presencia de un absceso paravalvular, por lo cual se realizó un reemplazo valvular en forma exitosa. Recibió terapia antimicrobiana intravenosa con vancomicina, con buena respuesta terapéutica. Se discute la utilización del MALDI-TOF MS como un método rápido y específico para el diagnóstico microbiológico.

Endocardite aórtica e tricúspide em pacientes de hemodiálise com embolia sistêmica e pulmonar / Aortic and tricuspid endocarditis in hemodialysis patient with systemic and pulmonary embolism

RESUMO Este artigo relata o caso de um homem caucasiano de 43 anos de idade com nefropatia terminal em tratamento com hemodiálise e apresentando endocardite infecciosa das válvulas aórtica e tricúspide. O quadro clínico foi dominado pelo comprometimento neurológico, devido à embolia cerebral e a componentes hemorrágicos. Uma tomografia computadorizada tóraco-abdominal revelou um êmbolo séptico pulmonar. O paciente foi submetido à antibioticoterapia empírica utilizando ceftriaxona, gentamicina e vancomicina, sendo o tratamento modificado para flucloxacilina e gentamicina após o isolamento de S. aureus nas hemoculturas. A equipe multidisciplinar determinou que o paciente deveria ser submetido à substituição de válvulas após estabilização da hemorragia intracraniana; contudo, no oitavo dia após a hospitalização, o paciente entrou em parada cardíaca causada por embolia séptica pulmonar maciça, vindo a falecer. Apesar do risco de agravamento da lesão hemorrágica cerebral, em pacientes de alto risco deveria ser considerado realizar precocemente uma intervenção cirúrgica.

ABSTRACT This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.

Adult patent Ductus Arteriosus complicated by endocarditis and hemolytic anemia / Conducto arterioso patente complicado por endocarditis y anemia hemolítica en un adulto

An adult with a large patent ductus arteriosus may present with fatigue, dyspnea or palpitations or in rare presentation with endocarditis. The case illustrated unique role of vegetation of endocarditis in hemolytic anemia in adult with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Despite treatment of endocarditis with complete course of appropriate antibiotic therapy and normality of C- reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and leukocytosis and wellness of general condition, transthoracic echocardiography revealed large vegetation in PDA lumen, surgical closure of PDA completely relieved hemolysis, and fragmented red cell disappeared from peripheral blood smear. The 3-month follow-up revealed complete occlusion of PDA and abolishment of hemolytic anemia confirmed by clinical and laboratory examination.

Un adulto con un gran ductus arterioso permeable puede presentar fatiga, disnea y palpitaciones y menos frecuentemente presentar endocarditis. El caso muestra el papel de la vegetación de la endocarditis en la anemia hemolítica con el conducto arterioso patente (CAP) en adultos. A pesar del tratamiento de la endocarditis con la terapia antibiótica completa, la normalidad en la proteína C-reactiva, la tasa de sedimentación globular y leucocitaria, y un estado de bienestar general del paciente, la ecocardiografía trans torácica reveló gran vegetación en el lumen de CAP y el cierre completo quirúrgico de PDA, sin hemólisis y la desaparición de glóbulos rojos fragmentados en frotis de sangre periférica. Los 3 meses de seguimiento revelaron oclusión completa de CAP y la desaparición de la anemia hemolítica confirmada por examen clínico y laboratorio.

Isolated Pulmonary Valve Endocarditis.

Isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis is a very rare entity, usually associated with intravenous drug abuse. We describe a case of isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis in a diabetic patient .The clinical course was favorable and she was discharged home after a six week course of antibiotic therapy.

Endocarditis por Brucella canis: primer caso documentado en un paciente adulto en Argentina / [Brucella canis endocarditis: first documented case in Argentina].

We herein present the case of an adult male patient who consulted for lower extremity edema, a 2- month history of fever and oppressive chest pain radiating to the left arm. He referred neither contact with breeding animals nor consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. A diagnosis of endocarditis was confirmed by cardiac studies. Since the empirical treatment with cephalotin, ampicillin and gentamicin failed, the patient underwent aortic valve replacement. A total of four blood cultures were positive with a gram-negative rod. Bacterial identification was performed using the API 20 NE technique (bioMÞrieux), the Phoenix automated method (BD) and conventional biochemical tests which were unable to classify the isolate as to genus and species. The strain was sent to the INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" where it was identified as Brucella canis. The antimicrobial treatment was switched to doxycycline, rifampicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with good evolution of the patient. The clinical significance of this case report lies in the possible failure of the empiric antibiotic therapy administered for endocarditis, since B. canis did not respond to the conventional antimicrobial treatment for this pathology.

Endocarditis infecciosa por Rhizobium radiobacter: Reporte de un caso / Infective endocarditis by Rhizobium radiobacter: A case report

Rhizobium radiobacter es una bacteria Gram-negativa, fijadora de nitrógeno que se encuentra principalmente en el suelo. Rara vez causa infecciones en humanos. Ha sido asociada a bacteriemia secundaria a colonización de catéteres intravasculares en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar un caso de endocarditis infecciosa por R. radiobacter. Se trata de paciente masculino, de 47 años de edad, con diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica estadio 5 en tratamiento sustitutivo con hemodiálisis, quien acude a centro asistencial por presentar fiebre de dos semanas de evolución. Es hospitalizado, se toman muestras de sangre periférica para hemocultivo y se inicia antibioticoterapia empírica con cefotaxime más vancomicina. El ecocardiograma transtorácico revelo vegetación fusiforme en válvula tricúspide con regurgitación grado III-IV/IV. Al séptimo día del inicio de la antibioterapia el paciente presenta mejoría clínica y paraclínica. La bacteria identificada por hemocultivo es Rhizobium radiobacter resistente a ceftriaxona y sensible a imipenem, amikacina, ampicilina y ampicilina/sulbactam. Debido a la mejoría clínica se decide continuar tratamiento con vancomicina y se anexa imipenem. A los 14 días de iniciada la antibioterapia el paciente es dado de alta con tratamiento ambulatorio con imipenen hasta cumplir seis semanas de tratamiento. En el ecocardiograma control se evidencio ausencia de la vegetación en la válvula tricúspide. Este caso sugiere que R. radiobacter puede ser una causa de endocarditis en pacientes portadores de catéteres intravasculares.

Rhizobium radiobacter is a Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, which is found mainly on the ground. It rarely causes infections in humans. It has been associated with bacteremia, secondary to colonization of intravascular catheters, in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this paper was to report the case of an infective endocarditis caused by R. radiobacter, in a 47-year-old male, diagnosed with chronic kidney disease stage 5, on replacement therapy with hemodialysis and who attended the medical center with fever of two weeks duration. The patient was hospitalized and samples of peripheral blood were taken for culture. Empirical antibiotic therapy was started with cefotaxime plus vancomycin. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed fusiform vegetation on the tricuspid valve, with grade III-IV/IV regurgitation. On the seventh day after the start of antibiotic therapy, the patient had a clinical and paraclinical improvement. The bacterium identified by blood culture was Rhizobium radiobacter, ceftriaxone-resistant and sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ampicillin and ampicillin/ sulbactam. Because of the clinical improvement, it was decided to continue treatment with vancomycin and additionally, with imipenem. At 14 days after the start of antibiotic therapy, the patient was discharged with outpatient treatment with imipenem up to six weeks of treatment. The control echocardiogram showed the absence of vegetation on the tricuspid valve. This case suggests that R. radiobacter can cause endocarditis in patients with intravascular catheters.

Daptomicina: características farmacológicas y aporte en el tratamiento de infecciones por cocáceas gram positivas / Daptomycin: pharmacological characteristics and its role in the treatment of gram positive infections

Daptomycin recently made available in Chile, belongs to a new family of antimicrobials known as lypopeptides. Daptomycin has a unique mechanism of action and a potent bactericidal activity over susceptible agents. It is active against a number of clinically significant Gram positive cocci, including strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., both susceptible and resistant to classic antimicrobials. Daptomycin has been approved for clinical use in skin and soft tissue infections, and for S. aureus bacteremia in adult patients. Ongoing trials suggest that daptomycin is also useful in the treatment of other infections such as osteomyelitis, biofilm producing infections, and in immunocompromised patients, particularly onco-hematologic patients. The main adverse reaction associated with daptomycin use is myopathy, usually mild and reversible.

Daptomicina es un anti-infeccioso de reciente introducción en Chile, miembro exclusivo de una nueva familia de antimicrobianos conocida como lipopéptidos cíclicos. Tiene un mecanismo de acción único que le confiere un potente efecto bactericida sobre los microorganismos susceptibles. Su especto antimicrobiano comprende cocáceas grampositivas de importancia clínica como Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus spp., incluyendo cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos habituales. Está aprobada para el uso clínico en infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos y bacteriemia complicada y no complicada por S. aureus, en adultos. Estudios en curso sugieren que será una alternativa útil en otras infecciones frecuentes como osteomielitis, infecciones asociadas a dispositivos ortopédicos, infecciones asociadas a biopelículas e infecciones en hospederos inmunosuprimidos, en particular en pacientes onco-hematológicos. El principal efecto adverso asociado al uso de daptomicina es la toxicidad muscular, observándose miopatía reversible, la mayoría de las veces asintomática, en aproximadamente 3% de los pacientes que utilizan el fármaco.

Endocarditis infecciosa por Aerococcus species: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Bacterial endocarditis caused by Aerococcus species: case report and literature review

Introducción: Aeroccus species es una bacteria Gram positiva considerada como un agente inusual de infecciones del tracto urinario y de endocarditis infecciosa. Clásicamente los adultos mayores varones con anomalías genitourinarias crónicas están expuestos a esta infección. Presentación del caso: Hombre de 55 años consulta por un cuadro de dos meses de evolución caracterizado por compromiso del estado general, fiebre continua, diaforesis, dolor torácico sordo lateralizado a izquierda, y baja de peso de 8 kg en un mes, con anorexia. Sin antecedentes mórbidos salvo estenosis uretral crónica con requerimiento de dilataciones transureterales, las cuales realiza con termómetro de mercurio. Paciente ingresa en regulares condiciones generales, quejumbroso. Examen pulmonar con disminución del murmullo pulmonar en la base izquierda más broncofonía. Tacto rectal doloroso a la palpación. Los exámenes complementarios revelan: hemograma con leucocitosis de 13.100/mm3, VHS de 63 mm/h, PCR de 21 mg/dL. En el estudio de fiebre de origen desconocido se realiza ecocardiografía transtorácica la que reveló vegetación en velo coronario izquierdo de 0,9 cm x 1 cm. Los hemocultivos resultan positivos para Aerococcus species sensible a cloranfenicol/ceftriaxona, por lo que se inicia antibioticoterapia con ceftriaxona-gentamicina, mostrando el paciente una notable mejoría clínica, disminuyendo su malestar general y normalizando la temperatura. Discusión: Debido a la difícil interpretación microbiológica de los cultivos, Aerococcus sp es un germen identificado tardíamente, lo cual puede ensombrecer el pronóstico. La antibioticoterapia precoz y la continua monitorización clínica y de laboratorio son las estrategias más útiles en su tratamiento.

Introduction: Aerococcus species is a Gram-positive bacteria regarded as a rare cause of urinary tract infections and infective endocarditis. Most cases have been described in elderly males with underlying genitourinary tract abnormalities. Case report: 55 years old male complains two-month period of malaise, continuous fever, diaphoresis, left-thoracic dull pain and weight loss of 8 kg in a month, presenting anorexia. With an unremarkable history except for a chronic urethral stricture with needed of periodic transurethral dilation, which where performed using a mercurial thermometer. Patient comes to the emergency room in regular conditions, querulous. Pulmonary examination with diminished left base vesicular breath sound plus bronchovesicular breath sound. Digital rectal examination painfull at palpation. Complementary laboratory test shows: 13.100/mm3 WBC, VHS of 63 mm/h, PCR on 21 mg/dL. In the context of fever of unknown origin it was performed a transthoracic echocardiography, which showed a 0.9 x 1 cm vegetation in left coronary valve. Blood cultures were positive for Aerococcus sp. sensitive to chloramphenicol /ceftriaxone, showing the patient a remarkable clinical improvement, diminishing his malaise and normalizing his temperature. Discussion: Owing to the frequent microbiologic misinterpretation of the cultures, the bacterial identification often is delayed, which could potentially lead to a fatal outcome. Aggressive-fast establishment of antiobiotic therapy and a continuous monitoring of the patient's clinical status and laboratory results are the most effective strategies in treatment.